The twenty imports Poland is best placed to replace.

1. 1

   Ammunition: cartridges and parts thereof n.e.c. in heading no. 9306HS 930630

   Comes fromSouth Korea 62%, 33 source countries

   Nearest export strengthAmmunition: n.e.c. in chapter 93 (exports USD 1.9bn)

   Exports of this lineUSD 26m; 1 more line in the heading, USD 36m

   Countries that export it well27

   Score 7 of 8: import bill USD 447m, top 7 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 23 per cent (2); South Korea supplies 62 per cent (2).

   USD 447mup 329% on 2022
2. 2

   Oil-cake and other solid residues: whether or not ground or in the form of pellets, resulting from the extraction of...HS 230630

   Comes fromUkraine 91%, 16 source countries

   Nearest export strengthDog or cat food: put up for retail sale, used in animal feeding (exports USD 2.2bn)

   Exports of this lineUSD 16m

   Countries that export it well23

   Score 7 of 8: import bill USD 138m, top 21 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 3 per cent (3); Ukraine supplies 91 per cent (2).

   USD 138mup 1% on 2022
3. 3

   Tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles: motorised, whether or not fitted with weapons, and parts of such vehiclesHS 871000

   Comes fromSouth Korea 77%, 21 source countries

   Nearest export strengthVehicles: with only compression-ignition internal combustion piston... (exports USD 5.1bn)

   Exports of this lineUSD 105m

   Countries that export it well19

   Score 6 of 8: import bill USD 1.4bn, top 2 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 50 per cent (1); South Korea supplies 77 per cent (2).

   USD 1.4bnup 482% on 2022
4. 4

   Paper and paperboard: uncoated, fluting paper other than semi-chemical or straw, rolls or sheetsHS 480519

   Comes fromGermany 66%, 24 source countries

   Nearest export strengthPaper and paperboard: folding cartons, boxes and cases, of... (exports USD 716m)

   Exports of this lineUSD 59m; 3 more lines in the heading, USD 219m

   Countries that export it well24

   Score 6 of 8: import bill USD 416m, top 7 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 48 per cent (1); Germany supplies 66 per cent (2).

   USD 416mdown 18% on 2022
5. 5

   Iron or non-alloy steel: bars and rods, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or hot-extruded, containing indentations, ribs, grooves...HS 721420

   Comes fromGermany 60%, 34 source countries

   Nearest export strengthFerrous waste and scrap: n.e.c. in heading no. 7204 (exports USD 770m)

   Exports of this lineUSD 90m

   Countries that export it well45

   Score 6 of 8: import bill USD 335m, top 10 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 30 per cent (1); Germany supplies 60 per cent (2).

   USD 335mdown 3% on 2022
6. 6

   Vehicles: break-down lorries, road-sweepers, spraying lorries, mobile workshops, mobile radiological units, and other...HS 870590

   Comes fromUnited States 41%, 33 source countries

   Nearest export strengthVehicles: with only compression-ignition internal combustion piston... (exports USD 5.1bn)

   Exports of this lineUSD 107m; 1 more line in the heading, USD 93m

   Countries that export it well26

   Score 5 of 8: import bill USD 236m, top 13 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 24 per cent (2); United States supplies 41 per cent (1).

   USD 236mup 6% on 2022
7. 7

   Wood: coniferous species, of fir (Abies spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.), sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled...HS 440712

   Comes fromSweden 36%, 21 source countries

   Nearest export strengthWood: pallets, box pallets and other load boards: pallet collars (exports USD 683m)

   Exports of this lineUSD 50m; 3 more lines in the heading, USD 125m

   Countries that export it well21

   Score 5 of 8: import bill USD 200m, top 15 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 6 per cent (3).

   USD 200mdown 12% on 2022
8. 8

   Iron or non-alloy steel: flat-rolled, width less than 600mm, plated or coated with zinc (not electrolytically)HS 721230

   Comes fromGermany 65%, 31 source countries

   Nearest export strengthFerrous waste and scrap: n.e.c. in heading no. 7204 (exports USD 770m)

   Exports of this lineUSD 38m; 3 more lines in the heading, USD 66m

   Countries that export it well27

   Score 5 of 8: import bill USD 150m, top 19 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 33 per cent (1); Germany supplies 65 per cent (2).

   USD 150mdown 8% on 2022
9. 9

   Wood: for fuel, sawdust and wood waste and scrap, agglomerated in wood pelletsHS 440131

   Comes fromUkraine 69%, 31 source countries

   Nearest export strengthWood: pallets, box pallets and other load boards: pallet collars (exports USD 683m)

   Exports of this lineUSD 41m; 1 more line in the heading, USD 23m

   Countries that export it well21

   Score 5 of 8: import bill USD 52m, top 47 per cent of candidates (1); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 25 per cent (2); Ukraine supplies 69 per cent (2).

   USD 52mdown 36% on 2022
10. 10

    Medicaments: consisting of mixed or unmixed products n.e.c. in heading no. 3004, for therapeutic or prophylactic uses...HS 300490

    Comes fromGermany 25%, 75 source countries

    Nearest export strengthMedicaments: containing corticosteroid hormones, their derivatives... (exports USD 224m)

    Exports of this lineUSD 2.8bn; 6 more lines in the heading, USD 1.3bn

    Countries that export it well32

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 5.6bn, top 0 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 34 per cent (1).

    USD 5.6bnup 15% on 2022
11. 11

    Aluminium: unwrought, alloysHS 760120

    Comes fromNorway 27%, 51 source countries

    Nearest export strengthAluminium: articles n.e.c. in heading 7616 (exports USD 865m)

    Exports of this lineUSD 481m; 1 more line in the heading, USD 453m

    Countries that export it well35

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 1.6bn, top 1 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 32 per cent (1).

    USD 1.6bndown 22% on 2022
12. 12

    Copper: waste and scrapHS 740400

    Comes fromGermany 33%, 43 source countries

    Nearest export strengthCopper: refined, unwrought, cathodes and sections of cathodes (exports USD 2.6bn)

    Exports of this lineUSD 605m

    Countries that export it well76

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 922m, top 3 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 30 per cent (1).

    USD 922mdown 8% on 2022
13. 13

    Propylene, other olefin polymers: polypropylene in primary formsHS 390210

    Comes fromGermany 22%, 53 source countries

    Nearest export strengthPlastics: other articles n.e.c. in chapter 39 (exports USD 2.3bn)

    Exports of this lineUSD 352m; 3 more lines in the heading, USD 580m

    Countries that export it well26

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 833m, top 3 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 47 per cent (1).

    USD 833mdown 18% on 2022
14. 14

    Medical, surgical or dental instruments and appliances: n.e.c. in heading no. 9018HS 901890

    Comes fromGermany 22%, 92 source countries

    Nearest export strengthHearing aids (excluding parts and accessories) (exports USD 1.3bn)

    Exports of this lineUSD 798m; 8 more lines in the heading, USD 850m

    Countries that export it well23

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 791m, top 3 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 42 per cent (1).

    USD 791mup 39% on 2022
15. 15

    Ethylene polymers: in primary forms, polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94HS 390110

    Comes fromNetherlands 19%, 54 source countries

    Nearest export strengthPlastics: other articles n.e.c. in chapter 39 (exports USD 2.3bn)

    Exports of this lineUSD 112m; 4 more lines in the heading, USD 1.2bn

    Countries that export it well28

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 718m, top 4 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 49 per cent (1).

    USD 718mdown 24% on 2022
16. 16

    Pumps and compressors: parts, of air or vacuum pumps, air or other gas compressors and fans, ventilating or recycling...HS 841490

    Comes fromChina 33%, 72 source countries

    Nearest export strengthTurbines: parts of turbo-jets and turbo-propellers (exports USD 2.8bn)

    Exports of this lineUSD 186m; 5 more lines in the heading, USD 551m

    Countries that export it well24

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 494m, top 6 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 43 per cent (1).

    USD 494mup 7% on 2022
17. 17

    Electrical apparatus: switches n.e.c. in heading no. 8536, for a voltage not exceeding 1000 voltsHS 853650

    Comes fromGermany 35%, 109 source countries

    Nearest export strengthElectric accumulators: lithium-ion, including separators, whether or... (exports USD 7.4bn)

    Exports of this lineUSD 282m; 6 more lines in the heading, USD 1.2bn

    Countries that export it well29

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 446m, top 7 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 28 per cent (1).

    USD 446mup 0% on 2022
18. 18

    Machines and mechanical appliances: parts, of those having individual functionsHS 847990

    Comes fromGermany 34%, 71 source countries

    Nearest export strengthTurbines: parts of turbo-jets and turbo-propellers (exports USD 2.8bn)

    Exports of this lineUSD 272m; 4 more lines in the heading, USD 331m

    Countries that export it well22

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 422m, top 7 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 40 per cent (1).

    USD 422mup 20% on 2022
19. 19

    T-shirts, singlets and other vests: of textile materials (other than cotton), knitted or crochetedHS 610990

    Comes fromGermany 24%, 118 source countries

    Nearest export strengthJerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles: of... (exports USD 676m)

    Exports of this lineUSD 192m

    Countries that export it well41

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 413m, top 7 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 42 per cent (1).

    USD 413mup 41% on 2022
20. 20

    Electrical transformers, static converters and inductors: parts thereofHS 850490

    Comes fromChina 21%, 65 source countries

    Nearest export strengthElectric accumulators: lithium-ion, including separators, whether or... (exports USD 7.4bn)

    Exports of this lineUSD 215m; 6 more lines in the heading, USD 386m

    Countries that export it well25

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 357m, top 9 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 39 per cent (1).

    USD 357mup 13% on 2022

One line per customs heading. Products Poland already exports well and still imports are below, because they are a different conversation. No employment figures appear on this page, by decision.